Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)
Accepted species in Catalogue of Life’s 11 September 2026 base release. This preserves the source classification and available supporting data; it is not a completed species monograph.
Open encyclopedia reference
The South American common toad (Rhinella margaritifera; also mitred toad, in Spanish sapo crestado) is a species complex of toads in the family Bufonidae. They are found throughout the Amazonian South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela) and eastern Panama. It was originally believed to be a single species, but is now known to represent a complex of more than one.
Its natural habitats are primary and secondary lowland, premontane and montane tropical moist forests (including terra firme and seasonally flooded forests). It is a generalist species that can also be found in disturbed areas.
Wikipedia contributors, South American common toad; see linked history · CC BY-SA 4.0 . Plain-text lead excerpt, at most 180 words; no infobox or later sections Retrieved 2026-10-05T18:49:40.489739+00:00. This reference remains separate from the taxonomic record.
Identity & source status
- Scientific name
- Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)
- Name authority
- (Laurenti, 1768)
- Rank
- species
- Accepted status
- accepted
- Kingdom
- Animalia
- Phylum
- Chordata
- Class
- Amphibia
- Order
- Anura
- Family
- Bufonidae
- Genus
- Rhinella
- Extinction status
- Recorded extant
Classification family tree
Nested taxonomic groups from the source. This is not a direct-ancestor chain, a dated evolutionary tree or a phylogenetic reconstruction.
- domainEukaryota (Chatton, 1925) Whittaker & Margulis, 1978
- kingdomAnimalia
- phylumChordata
- subphylumVertebrata
- infraphylumGnathostomata
- parvphylumOsteichthyes
- megaclassTetrapoda
- classAmphibia
- orderAnura
- familyBufonidae Gray, 1825
- genusRhinella Fitzinger, 1826
- speciesRhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768)
Close classified relatives
These entries share the source’s genus, Rhinella. They are not necessarily the closest relatives established by molecular evidence.
| Species | Classification | Source status |
|---|---|---|
| Rhinella alata (Thominot, 1884) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Rhinella arunco (Molina, 1782) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Rhinella azarai (Gallardo, 1965) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Rhinella beebei (Gallardo, 1965) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Rhinella centralis Narvaes & Rodrigues, 2009 | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Rhinella cerradensis Maciel, Brandão, Campos & Sebben, 2007 | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Rhinella chavin (Lehr, Köhler, Aguilar & Ponce, 2001) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Rhinella diptycha (Cope, 1862) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Rhinella festae (Peracca, 1904) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Rhinella fissipes (Boulenger, 1903) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
Names & synonyms
Names explicitly linked to this accepted taxon in the source. Synonymy can change with revision.
| Recorded name | Source status |
|---|---|
| Otilophus margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) (Laurenti, 1768) | synonym |
| Otolophus margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) (Laurenti, 1768) | synonym |
| Rana margaritifera Laurenti, 1768 Laurenti, 1768 | synonym |
| Rhinella margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) (Laurenti, 1768) | synonym |
| Trachycara fusca Tschudi, 1845 Tschudi, 1845 | synonym |
| Bufo naricus Spix, 1824 Spix, 1824 | synonym |
| Bufo nasutus Schneider, 1799 Schneider, 1799 | synonym |
| Bufo perlatus Cuvier, 1816 Cuvier, 1816 | synonym |
| Rana gemmata Lacépède, 1788 Lacépède, 1788 | synonym |
| Bufo margaritiferus (Laurenti, 1768) (Laurenti, 1768) | synonym |
| Bufo mitrata Daudin, 1802 Daudin, 1802 | synonym |
| Bufo margaritifer (Laurenti, 1768) (Laurenti, 1768) | synonym |
| Bufo margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768) (Laurenti, 1768) | synonym |
Source literature & publication evidence
References attached to this source record, including nomenclatural citations where supplied. This is a selected bibliography; abbreviated citations remain in the source’s form.
- https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=773728 Source fields: Taxon.tsv dwc:namePublishedIn, Taxon.tsv dcterms:references
Origins, evidence & remaining research
Name authority and publication references document nomenclature where the source supplies it. They do not establish evolutionary origins or the earliest fossil occurrence.
Specimen-level evidence, morphology, ecological research, phylogenetic studies, a comprehensive bibliography and a located literary passage have not yet been compiled for this record. A suitable sourced image remains to be added.
Dataset citation & attribution
This exact taxon in ChecklistBank · Catalogue of Life 2026-09-11
Catalogue of Life 2026-09-11; dataset 316321; doi:10.48580/dgz5n. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Retrieved 5 October 2026.
Stable key: col:4S7NW. Classification follows source parent identifiers. English common names may vary by region.