c-o sole
Pleuronichthys coenosus Girard, 1854
Accepted species in Catalogue of Life’s 11 September 2026 base release. This preserves the source classification and available supporting data; it is not a completed species monograph.
C-O sole, Pleuronichthys coenosus. Taken at the National Aquarium, Washington, DC.
Cliff · CC BY 2.0 · Image sourceProvider-generated thumbnail requested at 320 pixels; no local editing Local WebP display rendition; resized without cropping.
Open encyclopedia reference
The C-O sole (Pleuronichthys coenosus) is a species of flatfish in the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on flat bottoms and rocky areas at depths of between 18 and 350 metres (59 and 1,148 ft). Its native habitat is the temperate waters of the eastern Pacific, ranging from Sitka, Alaska in the north to San Quintín, Baja California in the south. It can grow up to 36 centimetres (14 in) in length.
Wikipedia contributors, C-O sole; see linked history · CC BY-SA 4.0 . Plain-text lead excerpt, at most 180 words; no infobox or later sections Retrieved 2026-10-05T02:44:06.171031+00:00. This reference remains separate from the taxonomic record.
Identity & source status
- Scientific name
- Pleuronichthys coenosus Girard, 1854
- Name authority
- Girard, 1854
- Common name
- c-o sole
- Rank
- species
- Accepted status
- accepted
- Kingdom
- Animalia
- Phylum
- Chordata
- Class
- Teleostei
- Order
- Pleuronectiformes
- Family
- Pleuronectidae
- Genus
- Pleuronichthys
- Extinction status
- Not supplied by this source
Source habitat flags: Marine: yes · Freshwater: no · Terrestrial: no. These do not form a complete habitat description.
Classification family tree
Nested taxonomic groups from the source. This is not a direct-ancestor chain, a dated evolutionary tree or a phylogenetic reconstruction.
- domainEukaryota (Chatton, 1925) Whittaker & Margulis, 1978
- kingdomAnimalia
- phylumChordata
- subphylumVertebrata
- infraphylumGnathostomata
- parvphylumOsteichthyes
- gigaclassActinopterygii
- superclassActinopteri
- classTeleostei
- orderPleuronectiformes
- suborderPleuronectoidei
- familyPleuronectidae Rafinesque, 1815
- subfamilyPleuronectinae Rafinesque, 1815
- genusPleuronichthys Girard, 1854
- speciesPleuronichthys coenosus Girard, 1854
Close classified relatives
These entries share the source’s genus, Pleuronichthys. They are not necessarily the closest relatives established by molecular evidence.
| Species | Classification | Source status |
|---|---|---|
| Pleuronichthys cornutus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) | PleuronectidaeChordata | Accepted speciesExtinction status not supplied |
| curlfin solePleuronichthys decurrens Jordan & Gilbert, 1881 | PleuronectidaeChordata | Accepted speciesExtinction status not supplied |
| ocellated turbotPleuronichthys ocellatus Starks & Thompson, 1910 | PleuronectidaeChordata | Accepted speciesExtinction status not supplied |
| spotted turbotPleuronichthys ritteri Starks & Morris, 1907 | PleuronectidaeChordata | Accepted speciesExtinction status not supplied |
| hornyhead turbotPleuronichthys verticalis Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 | PleuronectidaeChordata | Accepted speciesExtinction status not supplied |
| diamond turbotPleuronichthys guttulatus Girard, 1856 | PleuronectidaeChordata | Accepted speciesExtinction status not supplied |
Names & synonyms
Names explicitly linked to this accepted taxon in the source. Synonymy can change with revision.
| Recorded name | Source status |
|---|---|
| Pleuronichthys nephelus Starks & Thompson, 1910 Starks & Thompson, 1910 | synonym |
Source literature & publication evidence
References attached to this source record, including nomenclatural citations where supplied. This is a selected bibliography; abbreviated citations remain in the source’s form.
- Girard, C. F. (1854). Descriptions of new fishes, collected by Dr. A. L. Heermann, naturalist attached to the survey of the Pacific railroad route, under Lieut. R. S. Williamson, U. S. A. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, v. 7: 129–140. Source fields: Taxon.tsv dwc:namePublishedIn, Taxon.tsv dcterms:references
Origins, evidence & remaining research
Name authority and publication references document nomenclature where the source supplies it. They do not establish evolutionary origins or the earliest fossil occurrence.
Specimen-level evidence, morphology, ecological research, phylogenetic studies, a comprehensive bibliography and a located literary passage have not yet been compiled for this record.
Dataset citation & attribution
This exact taxon in ChecklistBank · Catalogue of Life 2026-09-11
Catalogue of Life 2026-09-11; dataset 316321; doi:10.48580/dgz5n. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Retrieved 5 October 2026.
Stable key: col:4KBZD. Classification follows source parent identifiers. English common names may vary by region.