Incilius perplexus (Taylor, 1943)
Accepted species in Catalogue of Life’s 11 September 2026 base release. This preserves the source classification and available supporting data; it is not a completed species monograph.
The distribution of Bufo perplexus. Data from Mulcahy, D.; Williams, T.; Mendelson, III, J; and Sites, J. (2008) "Phylogenetic Relationships Among Mesoamerican Bufonids." Poster presented at the 2009 Joint Meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Abstract available here, p. 58.
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Open encyclopedia reference
Incilius perplexus (common name: confusing toad) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to southern Mexico and found in the Tepalcatepec River basin in the state of Michoacán and western Balsas River basin in the state of Guerrero.
Its natural habitats are seasonal tropical forests near streams. It breeds in pools. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by infrastructure development and agricultural expansion.
Wikipedia contributors, Incilius perplexus; see linked history · CC BY-SA 4.0 . Plain-text lead excerpt, at most 180 words; no infobox or later sections Retrieved 2026-10-05T16:37:59.149114+00:00. This reference remains separate from the taxonomic record.
Identity & source status
- Scientific name
- Incilius perplexus (Taylor, 1943)
- Name authority
- (Taylor, 1943)
- Rank
- species
- Accepted status
- accepted
- Kingdom
- Animalia
- Phylum
- Chordata
- Class
- Amphibia
- Order
- Anura
- Family
- Bufonidae
- Genus
- Incilius
- Extinction status
- Recorded extant
Classification family tree
Nested taxonomic groups from the source. This is not a direct-ancestor chain, a dated evolutionary tree or a phylogenetic reconstruction.
- domainEukaryota (Chatton, 1925) Whittaker & Margulis, 1978
- kingdomAnimalia
- phylumChordata
- subphylumVertebrata
- infraphylumGnathostomata
- parvphylumOsteichthyes
- megaclassTetrapoda
- classAmphibia
- orderAnura
- familyBufonidae Gray, 1825
- genusIncilius Cope, 1863
- speciesIncilius perplexus (Taylor, 1943)
Close classified relatives
These entries share the source’s genus, Incilius. They are not necessarily the closest relatives established by molecular evidence.
| Species | Classification | Source status |
|---|---|---|
| Sonoran Desert ToadIncilius alvarius (Girard in Baird, 1859) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Incilius aucoinae (O'Neill & Mendelson, 2004) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Incilius bocourti (Brocchi, 1877) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Incilius canaliferus (Cope, 1877) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Incilius coniferus (Cope, 1862) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Incilius cristatus (Wiegmann, 1833) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Incilius epioticus (Cope, 1875) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Incilius gemmifer (Taylor, 1940) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Incilius karenlipsae Mendelson & Mulcahy, 2010 | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Incilius leucomyos (McCranie & Wilson, 2000) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Incilius luetkenii (Boulenger, 1891) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
| Incilius macrocristatus (Firschein & Smith, 1957) | BufonidaeChordata | Accepted speciesRecorded extant |
Names & synonyms
Names explicitly linked to this accepted taxon in the source. Synonymy can change with revision.
| Recorded name | Source status |
|---|---|
| Bufo perplexus Taylor, 1943 Taylor, 1943 | synonym |
| Ollotis perplexa (Taylor, 1943) (Taylor, 1943) | synonym |
| Cranopsis perplexa (Taylor, 1943) (Taylor, 1943) | synonym |
Source literature & publication evidence
References attached to this source record, including nomenclatural citations where supplied. This is a selected bibliography; abbreviated citations remain in the source’s form.
- https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=773587 Source fields: Taxon.tsv dwc:namePublishedIn, Taxon.tsv dcterms:references
Origins, evidence & remaining research
Name authority and publication references document nomenclature where the source supplies it. They do not establish evolutionary origins or the earliest fossil occurrence.
Specimen-level evidence, morphology, ecological research, phylogenetic studies, a comprehensive bibliography and a located literary passage have not yet been compiled for this record.
Dataset citation & attribution
This exact taxon in ChecklistBank · Catalogue of Life 2026-09-11
Catalogue of Life 2026-09-11; dataset 316321; doi:10.48580/dgz5n. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Retrieved 5 October 2026.
Stable key: col:3PLD5. Classification follows source parent identifiers. English common names may vary by region.